Savage-Rumbaugh, S., Wamba, K., Wamba, P. et al. 2007. Welfare of apes in captive environments: Comments on, and by, a specific group of apes. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 10(1), 7-19.

A long-term cultural study with bonobos suggests less intellectual divergence from humans than currently postulated. The bonobo study reveals what ape culture can become, which should affect future welfare considerations. Development of a languaged bonobo culture allows these nonhuman animals to provide their own responses regarding adequate ape welfare.