Marini, D., Colditz, I. G., Hinch, G. et al. 2017. Self-administration by consumption of flunixin in feed alleviates the pain and inflammation associated with castration and tail docking of lambs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 188, 26-33.

It can be impractical for farmers to provide pain relief to livestock following husbandry procedures such as castration and tail-docking, particularly in pasture-based systems because animals need to be repeatedly gathered to handling facilities and restrained. We investigated whether voluntary consumption by lambs of an analgesic incorporated into feed can achieve pain relief following surgical castration and hot-knife tail-docking. Sixty-four, singleton, male Merino lambs were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups: sham castration and tail-docking (S), castrated+tail-docked+no pain relief (C), castrated+tail-docked+flunixin in feed (4.0mg/kg, CF) and castrated+tail-docked+flunixin injection (2mg/kg, CI). Haematology, cortisol, and plasma haptoglobin concentrations were measured before and up to 48h after treatment. Lambs also had their scrotal and tail wounds scored based on severity of swelling and wound appearance, with 2 being a healed wound and 8 being severe swelling and evident necrosis and pus. Behaviours were recorded by video for 12h after treatment. Lambs in the CF and CI groups displayed fewer active pain avoidance behaviours (P<0.05, mean=3.06 and 3.75 respectively) than C lambs (mean=6.06) in the first hour following treatment. CF and CI lambs also displayed fewer pain related postures in the 12h following treatments. All lambs that were castrated and tail-docked had an increase in cortisol 30min after treatment (df=57, P<0.05 for all). The CI group had lower cortisol concentrations by 6h (t=2.17, 25.02nmol/L) and CF by 12h (t=1.76, 33.44nmol/L) compared with C lambs, however these concentrations were still above basal levels. Flunixin treatment also reduced inflammation, with CF and CI lambs having lower neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios and lower mean wound scores than C lambs. Provision of flunixin in feed was as effective as the flunixin injection in improving behaviour and reducing inflammation in lambs following castration and tail-docking.