Chance, M. R. A. 1957. The contribution of environment to uniformity: variance control, refinement in pharmacology. Laboratory Animals Bureau, Collected Papers 6, 59-73.

Chance discovered that some environments are more favourable to uniformity than others . The most uniform populations of all were those kept in an environment optimal for their well-being. In this respect, the goal of reduction is precisely the same as the goal of refinement.